Sunday, September 30, 2018

Case 92: Answer and Discussion





Nondipping is more prevalent in CKD than in non-CKD patients or patients with essential HTN.  The prevalence of non dipping does increase as GFR declines. The prevalence of  reverse-dippers also increases progressively as stage of CKD progresses.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23595357
 

Tuesday, September 25, 2018

Topic Discussion: CABG( off pump vs on pump) and AKI


CABG induced AKI is fairly common.  Traditionally CABG is performed with bypass machine. Last decade has noted a surge in doing CABG via an off pump method. So you can get a CABG either off PUMP vs on PUMP.  If the pump is the problem and being on the bypass machine is what leads to the AKI, off PUMP CABG should have less AKI?

What is the data?
In 2010, a meta-analysis published in CJASN showed that off-pump CABG may be associated with a lower incidence of postoperative AKI but may not affect dialysis requirement, a serious complication of cardiac surgery. However, the different definitions of AKI used in individual trials and methodological concerns preclude definitive conclusions.

Then in 2014, Garg’s group from Canada did a large study looking at this question in the CORONARY study group in JAMA. They found that the use of off-pump compared with on-pump CABG surgery reduced the risk of postoperative acute kidney injury, without evidence of better preserved kidney function with off-pump CABG surgery at 1 year.

Another meta-analysis in 2015 from the Mayo clinic group showed a beneficial effect of off‐pump CABG on the incidence of AKI. However, this meta‐analysis does not show benefits of the need of dialysis or survival among patients undergoing off‐pump CABG.

In 2017, an Asian study published in Medicine found that among the 3 surgical methods( off pump, on pump with arrest heart, on pump with beating heart), off pump surgery resulted in lower AKI incidence. The short term outcome, including kidney function, of on pump beating heart surgery is similar to that of the off pump group.

The reasons that are proposed for higher AKI in on-pump CABG patients include renal hypoperfusion, hypotension, inflammation and oxidant stress. Compared to on-pump surgery, off pump surgery has potential benefits of reduced AKI risk and reduced cerebral dysfunction and reduced ICU stay and reduced mortality.

However, KDIGO guideline suggests that “off pump CABG not be selected for the purpose of reducing perioperative AKI or need for dialysis.”

Thursday, September 20, 2018

Topic Discussion: Hormonal levels with various RAAS blockade medications

Class of RAAS agent
Renin level
Plasma renin activity
Ang II level
Aldosterone level
Renin inhibitor
Elevated
Low
Low
Low
ACEI inhibitor*
Elevated
Elevated
Low
Low
ARB*
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Low
Aldo receptor blocker
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated

* after being on ACEI/ARB for long periods, due to aldosterone breakthrough, aldosterone levels could be high in some cases.

Tuesday, September 18, 2018

Topic Discussion: Common Nephrotoxic drugs and their mode of enteries


Common Renal toxic drugs and their mode of entering the tubule and mechanism of toxicity

Drug Name
Mode of entry
Mechanism
Clinical Presentation(s)
Tenofivir(TDF)
Secreted via the basolateral side via OAT and then enters lumen via MRP2 in the urine.
Mitochondrial dysfunction
ATI
Proximal tubulopathy
Diabetes Insipidus(rare)
Gentamicin(Aminoglycosides)
They are all filtered and they are attracted to negative phospholipids and bind to megalin cubulin receptor and enter the cell.
Lysosomes binding and then cause mitochondrial damage and tubular injury—myelin bodies
ATI
Bartter’s syndrome( via activating of the CaSR in the TAHL)
Fanconi syndrome(rare)
Polymixin
All filtered, punch holes enter cells via organic cationic transporter(OCT) on apical surface
Apoptosis and necrosis
ATI
Vancomycin
Unclear how it enters
Complement activation
Activation of reactive oxygen species
Mitochondrial injury
Vancomycin cast formations
ATI
Worse when combined with Piperacillin / Tazobactam
Amphotericin B
Unclear how it enters
Principal cell defect via holes in the apical membrane
Distal hypokalemic RTA
ATI
Hypomagnesemia
Nephrogenic DI
Heta-Starch, Dextran, Sucrose, Mannitol
Filtered and enter proximal cell – pinocytosis and build up and swell up cells. Cannot be metabolized
Osmotic nephrosis
ATI
Atazanavir
Minimal renal excretion, poorly soluble in urinary ph- leading to crystallization
Crystal formation
Crystal Nephropathy
Cisplatin
Enters via OCT on the basolateral side, enters and activates apoptosis
Oxidative stress

ATI
Hypomagnesemia
Proximal tubulopathy
Salt wasting nephropathy
Nephrogenic DI

Ifosfamide
Enters proximal tubular cell via OCT on the basolateral side and then metabolized to its metabolized that causes the damage
Increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury
ATI
Fanconi syndrome

Monday, September 17, 2018

In the NEWS: Atypical parvovirus causing interstitial fibrosis and AKI


An interesting pathology study just got published in Cell.  It describes an atypical parvovirus infection in the kidney presenting as interstitial disease and fibrosis. Classically, the three lesions that have been described with parvovirus B19 infection are collapsing GN, FSGS and Minimal change disease. Both native kidneys and post transplant cases have been described.

In this study, using metagenomics, the authors identified a spontaneous nephropathy with intranuclear inclusions and the causative agent as an atypical virus, termed “mouse kidney parvovirus” (MKPV), belonging to a divergent genus of Parvoviridae. Detailed analysis of the clinical course and histopathological features demonstrated a stepwise progression of pathology ranging from sporadic tubular inclusions to tubular degeneration and interstitial fibrosis and culminating in AKI. 

Below is the visual abstract of the study from the journal abstract.

https://www.cell.com/cms/attachment/dce9cee6-aba6-4ffc-b2d4-386514152d74/fx1.jpg
Courtesy: Journal Article from Cell


This study highlights an interstitial inclusion type nephritis associated with parvovirus in mice. While clinically, to my knowledge, interstitial nephritis like this has not been reported with parvovirus.
A recent online discussion on twitter regarding this paper is linked below.

Conceptually we have always known that in humans viruses can induce kidney disease and fibrosis such as seen in BK, CMV, Parvovirus and so forth. This is definitely worth studying in humans.

Monday, September 10, 2018

Consult rounds: CRRT calculations primer


Two must know concepts in CRRT is clearance and filtration fraction.

How does one calculate clearance in CRRT?
Let’s start with convection first- so mainly CVVH (like you are making coffee) 
Clearance = V (u/p) but here dialysate/plasma eventually equilibrates, so the Clearance =Volume. What is your volume in CVVH? – IT is your total effluent—so it is your Replacement fluid rate + UF rate
If you had post filter replacement- just add replacement fluid rate + UF
If you had pre filter replacement- you need to have a correction factor, because the blood that enters the filter pre filter has a different concentration and gets diluted. The correction factor is an equation that reduced the replacement fluid rate by a certain percentages that includes the blood flow rate.
The formula for the fudge factor is BFR/ BFR+ Replacement fluid rate. An amazing you tube video explaining this concept.

Now let’s do the diffusive clearance (like making tea with a tea bag) - you need to basically add all the rates- DFR+ UFR+ post filter rate. You tube video link for this calculation.
So the Clearance = Diffusive + convective if it’s CVVHD ( Remember to only add UFR once)

Here is an example of a patient getting CVVHDF with order set

BFR=100cc/min or 6000cc/hr
DFR= 1400cc/hr
Pre filter- 800cc/hr
Post filter- 200cc/hr
UFR-100cc/hr

Let’s do diffusive first.  Clearance = DFR+ UFR = 1400+ 100= 1500cc/hour =25cc/min
Convective = pre filter + post filter +UFR( but we already counted UFR above) so can’t count again.
Also, pre filter needs a correction factor. 
The correction factor is Blood flow/ Blood flow +replacement fluid rate.  So that is 6000/6800= 0.88 for the pre filter part. So here the pre filter part will be 800 *0.88=705.

So the convective clearance = 705+ 200= 905cc/hr =15cc/min
So total prescribed dose gives you a clearance of 25+ 15= 40cc/min

So if this individual was 85kg
It would be 1500+ 905 cc/hr = 2405/85=28 cc/kg/hr
How does one calculate Filtration fraction?(FF)

FF===Effluent flow / blood flow with correction factor

Your effluent will include the DFR+UFR. You want the FF <20% to avoid clotting. So if you increase the numerator, your FF increases or if you decrease the denominator, FF increases. So, basically, you have to keep the blood flow high if you want to increase UFR or DFR to avoid the increased concentration of the plasma and increase clotting risk. Here is the FF YouTube video explanation.

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